Venous Congestion

Venous congestion is quantified by a high central venous pressure (CVP) and its monitoring is essential to assess the hemodynamic status in patients with heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and with impaired renal and hepatic function [1,2,3,4,5,6].

The standard technique for measuring CVP is invasive and requires the insertion of a catheter into a subclavian or internal jugular vein, leading to potential complications.

Current non-invasive CVP measurements based on ultrasonography have the limitation of being operator-dependent, inaccurate and not suitable for frequent monitoring at home [7,8]

  1. Rosenkranz S. et al. Circulation 2020;25;141(8):678-693.
  2. Colombo PC. et al. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2015;12(3):215–222.
  3. Martens P, Mullens W. Korean J Intern Med. 2018; 33(3):462–473.
  4. Fudim M. et al. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6(8):e006817. Published 2017 Aug 17.
  5. Pellicori P. et al. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021 May;23(5):703-712. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2032.
  6. Jördens MS. et al. J Intern Med. 2021 Oct;290(4):886-893.
  7. Ruge M, Marhefka GD. J Echocardiogr. 2022 Apr 1.
  8. Alavi-Moghaddam M, et al. Acta Radiol. 2016; 58(5):537–541.
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